Learning Objectives¶

Virtualization¶

• Given the opportunity to describe the processes of the OS virtualizing resources and doing it efficiently.
• Identify the main physical parts that make up the PC for the OS to run.
• To have some idea of what an OS actually does.

Processes¶

• Being able to define what a process is.
• Know what a process API is.
• Being able to trace process state in both CPU and I/O.

Direct Execution¶

• Given a Limited Direct Execution, a student should be able to trace the steps of the execution.
• When provided with a system call, a student should be able to measure its estimated cost.
• A student should be able to trace the steps of Context Switch code.
• Given context switch code, a student should be able to measure its cost using the lmbench tool.

CPU Scheduling¶

Stride scheduling is made without using randomization in mind, why do people use stride scheduling? And why is it so straightforward?

• A person reading chapter 9 must know the importance of stride scheduling and master the concept of fairness metric.

• Having the ability to define the main differences between lottery scheduling, stride scheduling, and the Completely Fair Scheduling of Linux.

• Have the ability to recognize the real scheduler vs. the fake.

• Being able to define one clear issue if you use a scheduler.

Memory Management¶

• Have the basic ability to locate and mix memory issues.
• Define reasons on memory mangement issues.
• Begin to know the importance of memory in OS.

Segmentation¶

• Justify the decision on why hardware uses segment registers during translation.
• Compare and contrast fined-grained and coarse-grained segmentation with addresses.
• Given the idea of segmentation, explain how solving problems help us build more effective virtualization of memory.

Paging¶

• To be able to describe how to avoid the problems of segmentation by virtualizing memory with pages.
• Given the idea that OS usually keeps a per-process data structure; page table, describe the major role of the page table.
• To be able to identify the main purpose of using pages and how you take advantage by using it.

Swapping¶

• Explain how swap space works for the OS to move pages back and forth.
• Be able to describe the page fault work and why hardware does not handle page faults as the OS does.
• Having the ability to explain how replacements occur and how high watermark and low watermark have a big impact on this.

Concurrency¶

Threads¶

• A student should be able to articulate the value and purpose of threads
• A student should be able to write and execute the code necessary to create threads.
• Additionally, a student should be able to pass arguments to threads.
• Given a situation in which threads access shared data, a student should be able to address the issue through building support for synchronized primitives to support atomicity.
• A student should be able to build mechanisms to support the sleeping and waking interaction between processes.

Locks¶

• Demostrate the ability to create and maintain a lock.
• Demostrate a key understanding of locks and different techniques required to make a lock.
• Explain what compare-and-swap is and compare-and-exchange is.

Semaphores¶

• Explain what a semaphore is and why it is important to an OS.
• Define the different types of semaphores.
• Shows proficiency in using semaphores.

Persistence¶

A person learning about operating systems needs to be able to know the parts of a computer that get preserved after shutdown and know how to handle failures in the operating system.

Input/Output Devices¶

• Depending on the operating system, decide whether to lower CPU overhead with interrupts
• Depending on the operating system, decide whether to lower PIO overhead with Direct Memory Allocation
• Design both methods of device communication, those being I/O instructions and memory-mapped I/O

Files and Dictionaries¶

• Make the correct system calls when trying to create, rename, remove, write to, read from, or get the metadata from a file.
• Make the correct system calls when trying to create, read, or remove directories.

File System Implementation¶

• Create an appropriate design of the overall on-disk organization of data in a Very Simple File System.
• Given an inode number, calculate the location of that inode in the disk.
• Depending on the files being dealt with, decide whether to use direct pointers, indirect pointers, or extents.

Data Integrity and Protection¶

• Given a certain disk failure, identify the failure mode.
• Be able to handle the latent sector error failure mode.
• Be able to handle the data corruption failure mode.
• Given a data corruption failure mode and a data integrity budget, choose the best checksum function.

Security¶

In order to create and maintain a high quality software, you must have the ability to secure it. From this point onwards, you will learn techniques that can help you with your future projects.

Authentication¶

Authentication is one of the most important topics covered in chapter 54. To display proficiency in this chapter, the reader must be able to tell the difference between authentication and authorization. - Correctly identify the difference between agent, principal, credential, and object in OS. - Correctly identify the 3 main ways to authenticate users. - correctly identify the 3 main ways to authenticate users. - Explain the importance of hashes, cryptographic hashes, and what does it prevent. - Demonstrate the ability to authentication by what you know - Demonstrate the ability to authentication by what you have - Demonstrate the ability to authentication by what you are

Access Control¶

• Have the ability to figure out if a request fits within your security policy, if it does, operate, if not, do not operate.
• Explain the difference between authorization and authentication.
• Have the ability to explain the difference between capability-based systems and access control list systems. (ch 55, pg4)

Cryptography¶

• Correctly explain the meaning of cryptography. (ch 56, pg 1)
• Explain what a cipher and a key is.
• Explain the meaning behind “The cryptography's benefit relies entirely on the secrecy of the key.”
• Differentiate between private and public keys in cryptography.

Distributed System Security¶

• Explain the importance of distributed systems to modern computing.
• Explain the reason behind using symmetric cryptography to transport data.
• Define other authentication approaches.

Advanced Programming¶

A person who is learning the fundamentals of operating systems should demonstrate mastery of the following programming skills in myriad of necessary programming languages:

Programming¶

• Write short programs up to five hundred lines that have the following characteristics for the chosen programming language:
  • Has function and variable names that adhere to an industry-standard coding style for the chosen programming language.
  • Has descriptive comments for all program components that adhere to an industry-standard coding style.
  • Features a source code format that adheres to an industry-standard coding style for the chosen language.
  • Passes an automated test suite, written with an industry-standard framework for the chosen language, showing that it correctly implements the specification for the function.
  • Performs the specified operation in an efficient fashion, as determined through experiments that evaluate the a components's performance in minutes, seconds, or milliseconds.
  • Correctly uses assignment statements, iteration constructs, conditional logic, function invocation, and function recursion in a way that passes the function's test suite, works efficiently, and conveys the intended function's purpose.
  • Correctly performs file and console input and output, ensuring that all input and output is displayed and stored correctly, is not corrupted, and is processed efficiently.
  • Correctly simulates aspects of an operating system (e.g., process scheduling) through the use of a program.

Programming Tools¶

• Use a Docker and/or operating system-based programming environment that supports a recent version of the C, Go, and Python programming languages to complete these tasks while implementing a program up to five hundred lines of code:
  • Install, upgrade, and use a recent version of the Python programming language environment to create, run, and debug a Python program with a terminal window, a text editor, and the Poetry package manager.
  • Install, upgrade, and use a recent version of the C programming language toolchain to create, run, test, and debug a C program through a terminal window and/or a text editor.
  • Install, upgrade, and use a recent version of the Go programming language environment to create, run, test, debug, and format a C program through a terminal window and/or a text editor.
  • Use a text editor like VS Code to implement, test, debug, document, and manage the source code of a Python program, leveraging plugins for workflow enhancement.

Version Control¶

• Use the GitHub platform and the Git version control system in the following fashion:
  • Clone a GitHub repository without error using either a command in a terminal window or an extension for Git integration in a text editor like VS Code.
  • Write short and descriptive commit messages that use the Conventional Commits standard explain the specific way in which a commit changes the source code and documentation in the GitHub repository.
  • Navigate reports produced by GitHub Actions so as to determine which aspects of a GitHub repository do and do not adhere to a project's specification.
  • In either a team-based on individual context, use the GitHub Flow model to implement specific features in a branch of a GitHub repository and then merge that branch to the main one only after all the checks run by GitHub Actions pass as required and code reviews confirm the code's correctness.
  • Create and discuss programming and technical writing issues with the GitHub Issue Tracker and the GitHub Discussion Forum, furnishing descriptive titles and problem descriptions that adhere to industry best practices and project templates.
  • Submit completed projects that pass all of the instructor-provided and industry-standard checks, as evidenced through the report of a passing build by GitHub Actions.

Effective Learning¶

A person learning about operating systems will demonstrate mastery of the following technology-mediated learning skills:

• Follow a systematic process when using resources to implement C, Go, and Python programs:

  • After detecting an error in a program through the use of either automated or manual debugging, develop a satisfactory understanding of the problem's likely root cause and then search sites like Stack Overflow for potential solutions.
  • After evaluating suggested solutions to a programming problem that originate from sites like Stack Overflow, develop a way to fix an error in a program, try that approach, and then incrementally improve it.
  • Independently develop solutions to programming problems even if the specifical technical challenge that you face was not previously covered in a course session or as part of your prior review of technical content.

• Use Discord to effectively communicate about technology in the following fashion:

  • In the correct public channel, post a question that includes source code segments, screenshots, and a description of the steps taken in an attempt to solve a problem.
  • Answer questions that were posted in a public channel, responding with source code segments, screenshots, and links to external references, pointing the proactive programmer who asked the question in the right direction without solving the problem for them and limiting their opportunity to learn more about the topic in question.
  • Proactively offer to help others who may need to learn scientific, mathematical, or technical knowledge and skills that a learner has already mastered by sharing the acquired knowledge or skill, how you can be contacted, and how you can help.

Improving Objectives¶

As Robert Talbert explains, a learning objective is clear when it is "clear from the students' perspective" and measurable when there is "some way to know whether the objective has been met" or "how far away the learner is from meeting it".¹ Do you see a way in which we can improve the learning objectives for data abstraction? If you do, then please participate in the OS Sketch community by sharing your ideas for improving them!